Chomsky hierarchy: различия между версиями

'''Chomsky hierarchy''' ---   иерархия Хомского.

(0) '''Type-0 grammars''' (or '''unrestricted grammars''') include all formal ''grammars'' They generate exactly all languages that can be recognized by ''Turing machine'' These languages are also known as the ''recursively enumerable languages''.

(1) '''Type-1 grammars''' ('''context-sensitive grammars''', or '''CS-grammars''') generate the '''context-sensitive languages''' (or '''CS-languages'''). These grammars have rules of the form  <math>\alpha A\beta \rightarrow \alpha\gamma\beta</math>, where <math>A</math> is  a nonterminal and <math>\alpha,\beta,\gamma</math> are strings of terminals and nonterminals. The strings <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\beta</math> may be empty, but <math>\gamma</math> must be nonempty. The rule  <math>S\rightarrow e</math> is allowed if <math>S</math> does not appear in the right-hand side of any rule. The languages described by these grammars are exactly all languages that can be recognized by ''linear bounded automata''.

(2)  '''Type-2 grammars''' ('''context-free grammars''' or '''CF-grammars''') generate the '''context-free languages''' (or '''CF-languages'''). These grammars contain rules of the form <math>A \rightarrow \alpha</math>, where <math>A</math> is a nonterminal and <math>\alpha</math> is a string of terminals and nonterminals. These languages are exactly all languages that can be recognized by ''nondeterministic pushdown automata'' Context-free languages are the theoretical basis for the syntax of most programming languages.

(3) '''Type-3 grammars''' ('''regular grammars''') generate the '''regular languages'''. Such a grammar restricts its rules to a single nonterminal in the left-hand side and a right-hand side consisting of a single terminal, possibly followed (or preceded, but not both in the same grammar) by a single nonterminal. The rule  <math>S\rightarrow e</math> is also allowed here if <math>S</math> does not appear in the right-hand side of any rule. These are exactly all languages that can be recognized by ''finite state automata'' Additionally, this family of formal languages can be obtained by ''regular expressions'' Regular languages are commonly used to define the search patterns and lexical structure of programming languages.